Pathology: What are the dangers of borderline ovarian cyst?

Borderline ovarian cysts may lead to complications such as infertility, cyst rupture or torsion, but the probability of malignant transformation is low. Borderline ovarian cysts are an intermediate type of ovarian tumors, between benign and malignant. They are characterized by slow growth and high recurrence rate.

1. Infertility risk

The increase in cyst size will compress the ovarian tissue and affect follicle development and ovulation function. Some patients may have irregular menstruation or blocked fallopian tubes, making it difficult to conceive. For those who want to have children, cyst changes need to be monitored through ultrasound, and fertility-preserving surgery should be selected if necessary.

2. Cyst rupture

Strenuous exercise or external impact may cause the cyst to rupture, causing acute abdominal pain and intra-abdominal bleeding. The cyst fluid after rupture can irritate the peritoneum and cause nausea and vomiting. In severe cases, emergency surgery is required to stop bleeding. Sudden changes in body position and abdominal pressure movements should be avoided on a daily basis.

3. Ovarian torsion

Pedunculated cysts are prone to twisting when the body position changes, causing ischemic necrosis of the ovary. The typical manifestation is sudden severe lower abdominal pain accompanied by vomiting, and ultrasound shows weakened ovarian blood flow signal. Surgical reduction is required within 6 hours after diagnosis to avoid permanent damage to ovarian function.

4. Relapse tendency

The probability of recurrence within 5 years after surgery is higher than that of benign cysts, which may be related to residual disease or multicenter origin. Most cases remain borderline after recurrence, but we need to be alert to the possibility of malignant transformation. It is recommended to review tumor markers and pelvic ultrasound every 3-6 months after surgery.

5. Psychological burden

The diagnosis may trigger anxiety about the progression of the cancer, and some patients experience sleep disturbances or depressed mood. The characteristics of the disease can be understood through psychological consultation, and cognitive behavioral intervention can be carried out in conjunction with psychiatry when necessary.

After diagnosis, pelvic ultrasound and CA125 and other tumor markers should be reviewed every 3 months, and strenuous exercise and heavy physical labor should be avoided. Pay attention to supplementing high-quality protein and vitamins in the diet, and limit the intake of high-estrogen foods. Surgery patients are prohibited from bathing and sexual intercourse within 6 weeks after surgery. If abnormal vaginal bleeding or fever occurs, timely follow-up is required.