Why do testicles become enlarged and hard?

Enlargement and hardening of the testicles may be caused by orchitis, epididymitis, testicular torsion, testicular hydrocele, testicular tumors, etc., and can be treated through anti-infective treatment, surgical reduction, puncture extraction, and tumor resection.

1. Orchitis

Orchitis may be related to bacterial or viral infection and usually manifests as testicular swelling, pain, fever and other symptoms. Bacterial orchitis can be treated with ceftriaxone sodium for injection, levofloxacin tablets, azithromycin dispersible tablets and other drugs as directed by the doctor. Viral orchitis is mainly treated symptomatically, and ibuprofen sustained-release capsules can be used to relieve pain.

2. Epididymitis

Epididymitis is often caused by the retrograde spread of urinary tract infection and is often accompanied by symptoms such as scrotal swelling and painful urination. In the acute stage, you need to rest in bed and elevate the scrotum. You can use ciprofloxacin hydrochloride tablets, cefixime granules, acetaminophen tablets and other drugs as directed by the doctor. Chronic epididymitis can be combined with local hot compress to relieve symptoms.

3. Testicular torsion

Testicular torsion is a urological emergency, which may be related to anatomical abnormalities such as excessive testicular mesentery. The typical manifestation is sudden severe pain accompanied by an upward shift of the testicular position. Within 6 hours of the onset of the disease, manual reduction can be used to try to restore the blood supply. If it exceeds 6 hours, emergency testicular reduction and fixation is required to avoid testicular necrosis.

4. Testicular hydrocele

Testicular hydrocele is divided into primary and secondary types. Primary type is more common in infants and young children, and secondary type may be related to trauma and infection. A small amount of effusion can be observed, but a large amount of effusion requires sheath inversion or sheath resection. Strenuous exercise needs to be avoided after surgery to prevent recurrence.

5. Testicular tumors

Testicular tumors are mostly painless swelling in the early stages, which may be related to cryptorchidism, genetics and other factors. The diagnosis requires ultrasound and tumor marker examination. Seminomas are sensitive to radiotherapy, while non-seminomas require retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. AFP and other indicators need to be reviewed regularly after surgery.

In daily life, you should avoid prolonged sitting and trauma to the scrotal area, and wear loose and breathable underwear. If you find that the testicles have continued to swell for more than 1 week, accompanied by fever or abnormal urination, you must seek medical attention promptly to investigate the cause. Avoid squeezing or applying heat to the testicles yourself, and it is forbidden to use hormonal drugs before diagnosis. Pay attention to supplementing the diet with high-quality protein and vitamins, and perform appropriate levator exercises to promote local blood circulation.